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| | Theory Statements Description Theory statements generally take one of two forms: a verified explanation of known facts, or a possible explanation for particular phenomena or relationships, which is put forth for purposes of argument or experimentation. An example of theory as a verified explanation would be the theory that smoking causes disease. This type of theory statement would not be put forth by a reflective community, unless they had verified an explanation through formal research. A theory posed as a possible explanation is more often referred to as a hypothesis, and is more commonly used by reflective communities. Hypotheses can be simply stated as "If…, then…" statements, for example, "If time spent reading in class increases by two hours per week, reading comprehension scores will improve by an average of 5 points." A more formal approach to stating a hypothesis or possible explanation for relationships is the use of a logic model. A logic model is a powerful tool for reflective communities, because it provides documentation of their explicit thinking and shared understanding about context, theory and assumptions, as well as a map of the relationships among activities, outputs to be produced, and expected outcomes. Example A community foundation developed a new funding model in support of a neighborhood-based, community development strategy. The model included the use of mini-grants that would be offered on a competitive basis to neighborhood groups, networks and associations that submitted proposals. In order to try out their new approach and learn from their experience, the staff developed an "outcomes" logic model, one of several types they researched.
Approaches Logic models are particularly powerful forms of posing hypotheses or statements of possible explanation for particular phenomena or relationships. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation Evaluation Handbook suggests that there are several types of logic models, including outcomes, activities, and theory models. Any of these are appropriate for use by a reflective community, depending on what they are trying to accomplish. 1. Outcomes logic model This model illustrates the relationships between goals, short-term, intermediate and long-term outcomes. It is appropriate for use when posing theories about activities or interventions whose outcomes are long-term and not easily measurable. The example above is a typical outcomes model format. 2. Activities logic model This model illustrates the links between activities as a program or initiative unfolds. It provides a big picture view for all stakeholders in a complex initiative, and helps to benchmark progress. A typical format is displayed below.
3. Theory logic model This model illustrates the theoretical constructs that are the basis for assumptions of activities or interventions. It is useful in small or large, simple or complex situations, and is useful for purposes of learning and explanation of causal relationships.
As the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Evaluation Handbook suggests, these models can also be combined and customized to work for the situation at hand. The Handbook and a Logic Model Development Guide can be downloaded at at no cost. Both provide extensive guidance in developing logic models.
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